Research Paper
Tram Nguyen
Research Video
Cite
Cite
APA
Click to copy
Nguyen, T. Periodontal Disease and Obesity.
Chicago/Turabian
Click to copy
Nguyen, Tram. “Periodontal Disease and Obesity” (n.d.).
MLA
Click to copy
Nguyen, Tram. Periodontal Disease and Obesity.
BibTeX Click to copy
@article{tram-a,
title = {Periodontal Disease and Obesity},
author = {Nguyen, Tram}
}
Association Between Obesity and Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease and obesity are two prevalent health concerns, with significant implications for overall well-being. Recent research has suggested a potential association between these two conditions, aiming to uncover the underlying mechanisms and implications for healthcare strategies. This paper aims to provide a summary of the existing literature on the association between periodontal disease and obesity, highlighting the multifactorial nature of their relationship and emphasizing the bidirectional biological mechanisms linking the two conditions.
In their "Obesity and Periodontitis: systematic review and updated meta-analysis," Kim et al. (2022) explore the multifactorial nature of the association between obesity and periodontal disease. They highlight the complex interactions among systemic factors, immune responses, metabolic changes, and alterations in the oral microbiome (Kim et al., 2022). Furthermore, the study emphasizes the role of obesity-induced hormonal changes, including disruptions in adiponectin, leptin, and insulin levels, which can impact inflammation, metabolism, and tissue repair processes in the periodontal tissues (Kim et al., 2022).
Suvan et al., in the study titled "Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults: A systematic review," found that there is an increased risk of periodontitis associated with both overweight and obesity (2011). Twelve studies compared periodontitis odds in overweight and normal BMI individuals, with the overweight group showing 1.27 times higher odds of periodontitis (P = 0.008). Similarly, comparing obese individuals to those with normal BMI, ten out of twelve studies found a significant association, with obese individuals having 1.81 times higher odds of periodontitis (P < 0.001). However, significant heterogeneity among the studies existed, highlighting inconsistent variations regarding the association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis, potentially affecting result interpretation (Suvan et al., 2011).
The studies proposed hypotheses but lacked robustness to confirm a definitive link between exposure and disease or explore temporal relationships. Future research should conduct comprehensive periodontal status assessments, integrating full mouth measurements and/or alveolar bone levels for accuracy (Kim et al., 2022). Heterogeneity in results, due to varying methodologies, populations, or definitions (Kim et al., 2022), was a limitation in Suvan et al.'s study. Detailed subgroup analyses to explore potential sources of heterogeneity, such as age, gender, or geographic location, were lacking in Suvan et al.'s research but could be enhanced in studies by Liu et al. and Suresh et al.
Suresh et al. aimed to compare periodontal health between normal-weight and obese children (2023). Assessing parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and plaque index, the researchers found that obese children demonstrated significantly worse periodontal health compared to their normal-weight counterparts (Suresh et al., 2023). The study included 216 school-going children, divided into two groups: non-obese (BMI<25) and obese (BMI≥25), with an equal gender distribution and age range of 10-12 years (Suresh et al., 2023). Among the participants, those in the obese group had a significantly higher mean BMI (27.57±2.22 kg/m2) compared to the non-obese group (18.42±2.07 kg/m2) (Suresh et al., 2023). Notably, the BMI range within the obese group spanned from 25 to 37.79 kg/m2, while in the non-obese group, it ranged from 15 to 24.9 kg/m2 (Suresh et al., 2023). Furthermore, obese subjects showed markedly elevated levels of periodontal indicators, including bleeding on probing (86 vs. 24.3), probing depth (2.27 vs. 1.52 mm), and plaque index (97% vs. 85%) (Suresh et al., 2023). However, clinical attachment loss, a measure of periodontal tissue damage, didn't significantly differ, suggesting a nuanced relationship between obesity and specific periodontal outcomes in children (Suresh et al., 2023).
Data from the NHANES 2011–2014, analyzed by Liu et al. in 2023, investigated obesity's association with periodontitis in 6,662 US adults aged 30 years or older. Among obese participants, periodontal disease prevalence was 30%, doubling that of non-obese individuals at 15% (Liu et al., 2023). Obese individuals had an 80% higher risk of periodontal disease compared to non-obese counterparts, with obesity accounting for 20% of cases (Liu et al., 2023). Additionally, 15% of periodontal disease cases in the population could be prevented if obesity were eliminated. Severe periodontitis prevalence, defined as clinical attachment loss ≥ 6 mm, was 25% among obese individuals and 10% among non-obese, indicating a 2.5-fold higher prevalence in obese individuals (Liu et al., 2023). Over five years, obese individuals showed a 50% increase in the incidence rate of periodontal disease compared to non-obese individuals, highlighting the temporal relationship between obesity and periodontal disease progression (Liu et al., 2023). Moreover, the study reveals a significant correlation between BMI, Waist Circumference, and periodontitis, particularly among obese females and young adults aged 30–44 (Liu et al., 2023). Gender differences suggest a complex interplay of biological and sociocultural factors, while potential pathways linking obesity and periodontitis include systemic inflammation, oral microbiota changes, and lifestyle choices (Liu et al., 2023).
Research confirms the bidirectional association between obesity and periodontal disease, evident through immune responses, metabolic shifts, oral microbiome changes, and hormonal influences (Suresh et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2023, and Kim et al., 2022). Statistical evidence, including odds ratios and prevalence rates, reinforces this link. Suresh et al. shed light on age-specific factors in pediatric groups contributing to this bidirectional relationship (2023). Kim et al., explain how obesity and periodontal disease are linked biologically, emphasizing hormonal changes affecting inflammation and tissue repair (2022). Liu et al. further support this bidirectional relationship, demonstrating how obesity-related biological factors affect periodontal disease progression and vice versa, highlighting the complex interplay between the two conditions (2023).
This evidence indicates obesity's heightened risk for periodontal disease, suggesting a reciprocal biorelationship. Obesity impacts periodontal disease via systemic inflammation and metabolic shifts, while periodontal disease exacerbates obesity through chronic inflammation and metabolic disruptions. These connections are rooted in systemic factors, immune responses, hormonal changes, and oral microbiome alterations. Despite research limitations, future studies employing objective measures and advanced imaging could provide clearer insights. Addressing obesity as a periodontal disease risk factor is critical, requiring a multidisciplinary approach integrating oral health and obesity management strategies to enhance outcomes.
In their "Obesity and Periodontitis: systematic review and updated meta-analysis," Kim et al. (2022) explore the multifactorial nature of the association between obesity and periodontal disease. They highlight the complex interactions among systemic factors, immune responses, metabolic changes, and alterations in the oral microbiome (Kim et al., 2022). Furthermore, the study emphasizes the role of obesity-induced hormonal changes, including disruptions in adiponectin, leptin, and insulin levels, which can impact inflammation, metabolism, and tissue repair processes in the periodontal tissues (Kim et al., 2022).
Suvan et al., in the study titled "Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults: A systematic review," found that there is an increased risk of periodontitis associated with both overweight and obesity (2011). Twelve studies compared periodontitis odds in overweight and normal BMI individuals, with the overweight group showing 1.27 times higher odds of periodontitis (P = 0.008). Similarly, comparing obese individuals to those with normal BMI, ten out of twelve studies found a significant association, with obese individuals having 1.81 times higher odds of periodontitis (P < 0.001). However, significant heterogeneity among the studies existed, highlighting inconsistent variations regarding the association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis, potentially affecting result interpretation (Suvan et al., 2011).
The studies proposed hypotheses but lacked robustness to confirm a definitive link between exposure and disease or explore temporal relationships. Future research should conduct comprehensive periodontal status assessments, integrating full mouth measurements and/or alveolar bone levels for accuracy (Kim et al., 2022). Heterogeneity in results, due to varying methodologies, populations, or definitions (Kim et al., 2022), was a limitation in Suvan et al.'s study. Detailed subgroup analyses to explore potential sources of heterogeneity, such as age, gender, or geographic location, were lacking in Suvan et al.'s research but could be enhanced in studies by Liu et al. and Suresh et al.
Suresh et al. aimed to compare periodontal health between normal-weight and obese children (2023). Assessing parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and plaque index, the researchers found that obese children demonstrated significantly worse periodontal health compared to their normal-weight counterparts (Suresh et al., 2023). The study included 216 school-going children, divided into two groups: non-obese (BMI<25) and obese (BMI≥25), with an equal gender distribution and age range of 10-12 years (Suresh et al., 2023). Among the participants, those in the obese group had a significantly higher mean BMI (27.57±2.22 kg/m2) compared to the non-obese group (18.42±2.07 kg/m2) (Suresh et al., 2023). Notably, the BMI range within the obese group spanned from 25 to 37.79 kg/m2, while in the non-obese group, it ranged from 15 to 24.9 kg/m2 (Suresh et al., 2023). Furthermore, obese subjects showed markedly elevated levels of periodontal indicators, including bleeding on probing (86 vs. 24.3), probing depth (2.27 vs. 1.52 mm), and plaque index (97% vs. 85%) (Suresh et al., 2023). However, clinical attachment loss, a measure of periodontal tissue damage, didn't significantly differ, suggesting a nuanced relationship between obesity and specific periodontal outcomes in children (Suresh et al., 2023).
Data from the NHANES 2011–2014, analyzed by Liu et al. in 2023, investigated obesity's association with periodontitis in 6,662 US adults aged 30 years or older. Among obese participants, periodontal disease prevalence was 30%, doubling that of non-obese individuals at 15% (Liu et al., 2023). Obese individuals had an 80% higher risk of periodontal disease compared to non-obese counterparts, with obesity accounting for 20% of cases (Liu et al., 2023). Additionally, 15% of periodontal disease cases in the population could be prevented if obesity were eliminated. Severe periodontitis prevalence, defined as clinical attachment loss ≥ 6 mm, was 25% among obese individuals and 10% among non-obese, indicating a 2.5-fold higher prevalence in obese individuals (Liu et al., 2023). Over five years, obese individuals showed a 50% increase in the incidence rate of periodontal disease compared to non-obese individuals, highlighting the temporal relationship between obesity and periodontal disease progression (Liu et al., 2023). Moreover, the study reveals a significant correlation between BMI, Waist Circumference, and periodontitis, particularly among obese females and young adults aged 30–44 (Liu et al., 2023). Gender differences suggest a complex interplay of biological and sociocultural factors, while potential pathways linking obesity and periodontitis include systemic inflammation, oral microbiota changes, and lifestyle choices (Liu et al., 2023).
Research confirms the bidirectional association between obesity and periodontal disease, evident through immune responses, metabolic shifts, oral microbiome changes, and hormonal influences (Suresh et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2023, and Kim et al., 2022). Statistical evidence, including odds ratios and prevalence rates, reinforces this link. Suresh et al. shed light on age-specific factors in pediatric groups contributing to this bidirectional relationship (2023). Kim et al., explain how obesity and periodontal disease are linked biologically, emphasizing hormonal changes affecting inflammation and tissue repair (2022). Liu et al. further support this bidirectional relationship, demonstrating how obesity-related biological factors affect periodontal disease progression and vice versa, highlighting the complex interplay between the two conditions (2023).
This evidence indicates obesity's heightened risk for periodontal disease, suggesting a reciprocal biorelationship. Obesity impacts periodontal disease via systemic inflammation and metabolic shifts, while periodontal disease exacerbates obesity through chronic inflammation and metabolic disruptions. These connections are rooted in systemic factors, immune responses, hormonal changes, and oral microbiome alterations. Despite research limitations, future studies employing objective measures and advanced imaging could provide clearer insights. Addressing obesity as a periodontal disease risk factor is critical, requiring a multidisciplinary approach integrating oral health and obesity management strategies to enhance outcomes.
References
Kim, C. M., Lee, S., Hwang, W., Son, E., Kim, T. W., Kim, K., & Kim, Y. H. (2022). Obesity and periodontitis: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 13, 999455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.999455
Liu, L., Xia, L. Y., Gao, Y. J., Dong, X. H., Gong, R. G., & Xu, J. (2023). Association between Obesity and Periodontitis in US Adults: NHANES 2011–2014. Obesity Facts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1159/000534751
Suresh, S., Anand, A., Singh, P., Shahi, N., Sharma, S., & Jethlia, A. (2023). Comparative Assessment of the Periodontal Findings in Child Subjects With a Normal Body Mass Index and in Obese Subjects. Cureus, 15(10), e47897. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47897
Suvan, J., D'Aiuto, F., Moles, D. R., Petrie, A., & Donos, N. (2011). Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00808.x